Variable annuity contracts are sold by insurance companies. Purchasers pay a premium of, for example, $10,000 for a single payment variable annuity or $50 a month for a periodic payment variable annuity. The insurance company deposits these premiums in an account which is invested in a portfolio of securities. The value of the portfolio goes up or down as the prices of its securities rise or fall.
After a specified period of time, often coinciding with the year the purchaser becomes age 65, the assets are converted into annuity payments. These payments are variable, since they depend an the periodic performance of the underlying securities.
Almost all variable annuity contracts carry sales charges, administrative charges, and asset charges. The amounts differ from one contract to another and from one insurance company to another.
Fixed annuity contracts are not considered securities and are not regulated by the SEC.
How do annuities work?
The annuity, in essence, is insurance against "living too long." In contrast, traditional life insurance guards against "dying too soon." Here is a summary of how annuities function. An investor hands over funds to an insurance company. The insurer invests the funds. At the end of the annuity's term, the insurer pays the investor his or her investment plus the earnings. The amount paid at maturity may be a lump sum or an annuity-a set of periodic payments that are guaranteed as to amount and payment period.
The earnings that occur during the term of the annuity are tax-deferred. The investor is not taxed on them until the amounts are paid out. Because of the tax deferral, your funds have the chance to grow more quickly than they would in a taxable investment.
Should I invest in annuities?
The two reasons to use an annuity as an investment vehicle are as follows:
You want to save money for a long-range goal, and/or
You want a guaranteed stream of income for a certain period of time.
Annuities lend themselves well to funding retirement, and, in certain cases, education costs.
One negative aspect of an annuity is that you cannot get to your money during the growth period without incurring taxes and penalties. The tax code imposes a 10% premature withdrawal penalty on money taken out of a tax-deferred annuity before age 59-1/2, and insurers impose penalties on withdrawals made before the term of the annuity is up. The insurers' penalties are termed "surrender charges," and they usually apply for the first seven years of the annuity contract.
These penalties lead to a de facto restriction on the use of annuities as an investment. It really only makes sense to put your money in an annuity if you can leave it there for at least ten years, and only when the withdrawals are scheduled to occur after age 59-1/2. This is why annuities work well mostly for retirement needs, or for education funding in cases where the depositor will be at least 59-1/2 when withdrawals begin.
Annuities can also be effective in funding education costs where the annuity is held in the child's name under the provisions of the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act. The child would then pay tax on the earnings when the time came for withdrawals. A major drawback to this planning technique is that the child is free to use the money for any purpose, not just education costs.
If an investment adviser recommends a tax-deferred variable annuity, should you invest it? Or would a regular taxable investment be better?
Generally, you should be aware that tax-deferred annuities very often yield less than regular investments. They have higher expenses than regular investments, and these expenses eat into your returns. (On the plus side, the annuity provides a death benefit.)
Overall, you're probably better off going with a regular mutual fund. Tax-deferred annuities are generally only worthwhile if you are planning to leave the money in the vehicle for at least ten years, and to take it out over a long period.
Be aware that your investment counselor may be entitled to a commission on the product he or she is recommending. If so, proceed with great caution. Do not rely on the counselor's comparison of the product's return with taxable investments; do your own analysis.
Should a retiree purchase an immediate annuity?
At first glance, the immediate annuity would seem to make sense for retirees with lump-sum distributions from retirement plans. After all, an initial lump-sum premium can be converted into a series of monthly, quarterly or yearly payments, representing a portion of principal plus interest, and guaranteed to last for life. The portion of the periodic payout that is a return of principal is excluded from taxable income.
However, there are risks. For one thing, when lock yourself into a lifetime of level payments, you aren't guarding against inflation. You are also gambling that you will live long enough to get your money back. Thus, if you buy a $150,000 annuity and die after collecting only $60,000, the insurer often gets to keep the rest. Unlike other investments, the balance doesn't go to your heirs. Furthermore, since the interest rate is fixed by the insurer when you buy it, you are locking into today's low rates.
You can hedge your bets by opting for a "certain period," which, in the event of your death, guarantees payment for some years to your beneficiaries. There are also "joint-and-survivor" options, which pay your spouse for the remainder of his or her life after you die, or a "refund" feature, in which some of all of the remaining principal is resumed to your beneficiaries.
There are also some plans that offer quasi-inflation adjusted payments. One company offers a guaranteed increase in payments of 10 percent at three-year intervals for the first 15 years. Payments then get an annual cost-of-living adjustment, with a 3 percent maximum. However, for these enhancements to apply, you will have to settle for much lower monthly payments than the simple version.
Recently, a few companies have introduced immediate annuities that offer potentially higher returns in return for some market risk. These "variable, immediate annuities" convert an initial premium into a lifetime income; however, they tie the monthly payments to the returns on a basket of mutual funds.
If you want a comfortable retirement income, your best bet is a balanced portfolio of mutual funds. If you want to guarantee that you will not outlive your money, you can plan your withdrawals over a longer time horizon.
How do life annuities differ from life insurance?
While traditional life insurance guards against "dying too soon," an annuity, in essence, can be used as insurance against "living too long." With an annuity, you will receive in return a series of periodic payments that are guaranteed as to amount and payment period. Thus, if you choose to take the annuity payments over your lifetime (there are many other options), you will have a guaranteed source of "income" until your death.
If you "die too soon" (that is, you don't outlive your life expectancy), you will get back from the insurer far less than you paid in. On the other hand, if you "live too long" (and do outlive your life expectancy), you may get back far more than the cost of your annuity (and the resultant earnings). By comparison, if you put your funds into a traditional investment, you may run out of funds before your death.
What's the down side to buying an annuity?
You cannot get to your money during the growth period without incurring taxes and penalties. The tax code imposes a 10% premature-withdrawal penalty on money taken out of a tax-deferred annuity before age 59-1/2 and insurers impose penalties on withdrawals made before the term of the annuity is up. The insurers' penalties are termed "surrender charges," and they usually apply for the first seven years of the annuity contract.
What types of annuity are available?
You can purchase a single-premium annuity, in which the investment is made all at once (perhaps using a lump sum from a retirement plan payout).
With the flexible-premium annuity, the annuity is funded with a series of payments. The first payment can be quite small.
The immediate annuity starts payments right after the annuity is funded. It is usually funded with a single premium, and is usually purchased by retirees with funds they have accumulated for retirement.
With a deferred annuity, payouts begin many years after the annuity contract is issued .Deferred annuities are used as long-term investment vehicles by retirees and non-retirees alike. They are used in tax-deferred retirement plans and as individual tax-sheltered annuity investments. They may be funded with a single or flexible premium.
With a fixed annuity contract, the insurance company puts your funds into conservative, fixed income investments such as bonds. Your principal is guaranteed, and the insurance company gives you an interest rate that is guaranteed for a certain minimum period-from a month to a year, or more. Thus, the fixed annuity contract is similar to a CD or a money market fund, depending on length of the period during which interest is guaranteed. The fixed annuity is considered a low risk investment vehicle.
This guaranteed interest rate is adjusted upwards or downwards at the end of the guarantee period.
All fixed annuities also guarantee you a certain minimum rate of interest of 3 to 5 percent for the entirety of the contract.
The fixed annuity is a good annuity choice for investors with a low risk tolerance and a short-term investing time horizon. The growth that will occur will be relatively low. In times of falling interest rates, fixed annuity investors benefit, while in times of rising interest rates they do not.
The variable annuity, which is considered to carry with it higher risks than the fixed annuity-about the same risk level as a mutual fund investment- gives you the ability to choose how to allocate your money among several different managed funds. There are usually three types of funds: stocks, bonds, and cash-equivalents. Unlike the fixed annuity, there are no guarantees of principal or interest. However, the variable annuity does benefit from tax deferral on the earnings.
You can switch your allocations from time to time for a small fee or sometimes for free.
The variable annuity is a good annuity choice for investors with a moderate to high risk tolerance and a long-term investing time horizon.
Tip: Today, insurers make available annuities that combine both fixed and variable features.
What are my options for collecting my annuity?
When it's time to begin taking withdrawals from your deferred annuity, you have various choices. Most people choose a monthly annuity-type payment, although a lump sum withdrawal is possible. The size of your monthly payment depends on...
The size of the amount in your annuity contract
Whether there are minimum required payments
The annuitant's life expectancy
Whether payments continue after the annuitant's death
Here are summaries of the most common forms of payment (settlement options). Once you have chosen a payment option, you cannot change your mind.
Fixed Amount gives you a fixed monthly amount-chosen by you--that continues until your annuity is used up. The risk of using this option is that you may live longer than your money lasts. If you die before your annuity is exhausted, your beneficiary gets the rest.
Fixed Period pays you a fixed amount over the time period you choose. For example, you might choose to have the annuity paid out over ten years. If you are seeking retirement income before some other benefits start, this may be a good option. If you die before the period is up, your beneficiary gets the remaining amount.
Lifetime Or Straight Life payments continue until you die. There are no payments to survivors. The life annuity gives you the highest monthly benefit of the options listed here. The risk is that you will die early, thus leaving the insurance company with some of your funds.
Life With Period Certain gives you payments as long as you live (as does the life annuity) but with a minimum period during which you or your beneficiary will receive payments, even if you die earlier than expected. The longer the guarantee period, the lower the monthly benefit.
Installment-Refund pays you as long as you live and guarantees that, should you die early, whatever is left of your original investment will be paid to a beneficiary.
Joint And Survivor.In one joint and survivor option, monthly payments are made during the annuitants' joint lives, with the same or a lesser amount paid to whoever is the survivor. In the option typically used for retired employees, monthly payments are made to the retired employee, with the same or a lesser amount to the employee's surviving spouse or other beneficiary. In this case, the spouse's (or other co-annuitant's) death before the employee won't affect what the survivor employee collects. The amount of the monthly payments depends on the annuitants' ages and whether the survivor's payment is to be 100% of the joint amount or some lesser percentage.
What's the tax on payouts from a qualified plan or IRA annuity?
A tax-qualified annuity is one used to fund a qualified retirement plan, such as an IRA, Keogh plan, 401(k) plan, SEP (simplified employee pension), or some other retirement plan.
Any nondeductible or after-tax amount you put into the plan is not subject to income tax when withdrawn
The earnings on your investment are not taxed until withdrawal.
If you withdraw money before the age of 59-1/2, you may have to pay a 10% penalty on the amount withdrawn in addition to the regular income tax. One of the exceptions to the 10% penalty is for taking the annuity out in equal periodic payments over the rest of your life.
Once you reach age 70-1/2, you will have to start taking withdrawals in certain minimum amounts specified by the tax law (with exceptions for Roth IRAs and for employees still working after age 70-1/2).
Is it a good idea to buy annuities for my IRA or qualified plan?
Though this is sometimes done, no tax advantage is gained by putting annuities in such a plan since qualified plans and IRAs as well as annuities are tax-deferred.It might be better, depending on your situation, to put other investments, such as mutual funds, in IRAs and qualified plans, and hold annuities in your individual account.
How will my annuity payouts be taxed?
The way your payouts are taxed is different for qualified and non-qualified plans. Here is a summary of the two different types of plans.
Qualified And Non-Qualified Annuities
A tax-qualified annuity is one used to fund a qualified retirement plan, such as an IRA, Keogh plan, 401(k) plan, SEP (simplified employee pension), or some other retirement plan. The tax-qualified annuity, when used as a retirement savings vehicle, is entitled to all of the tax benefits-and penalties-that Congress saw fit to attach to such plans.
The tax benefits are:
The amount you put into the plan is not subject to income tax, and/or
The earnings on your investment are not taxed until withdrawal.
The tax rules say that you cannot make withdrawals before age 59-1/2 without paying an additional tax of 10% of the amount withdrawn. Further, you must begin taking withdrawals in certain minimum amounts once you reach the age of 70-1/2.
A non-qualified annuity, on the other hand, is purchased with after-tax dollars. You still get the benefit of tax deferral on the earnings.
Tax Rules
When you withdraw money from a qualified plan annuity that was funded with pre-tax dollars, you must pay income tax on the entire amount withdrawn.
Once you reach age 70-1/2, you will have to start taking withdrawals, in certain minimum amounts specified by the tax law.
With a non-qualified plan annuity that was funded with after-tax dollars, you pay tax only on the part of the withdrawal that represents earnings on your original investment.
If you make a withdrawal before the age of 59-1/2, you will pay the 10% penalty only on the portion of the withdrawal that represents earnings.
With a non-qualified annuity, you are not subject to the minimum distribution rules that apply to qualified plans after you reach age 70-1/2.
What tax must my beneficiaries or heirs pay if my annuity continues after my death?
Taxes may apply to your beneficiary (the person you designate to take further payments) or your heirs (your estate or those who take through the estate if you didn't designate a beneficiary).
Income tax. Annuity payments collected by your beneficiaries or heirs are subject to tax on the same principles that would apply to payments collected by you. Exception: There's no 10% penalty on withdrawal under age 59-1/2 regardless of the recipient's age, or your age at death.
Estate tax. The present value at your death of the remaining annuity payments is an asset of your estate, and subject to estate tax with other estate assets. Annuities passing to your surviving spouse or to charity would escape this tax.
How should I shop for an annuity?
Although annuities are issued by insurance companies, they may be purchased through banks, insurance agents, or stockbrokers. The "load" (commission) you will pay to the middle-man will vary from 3% to 8% of your investment.
Check Out The Insurer. Make sure that the insurance company offering it is financially sound. Annuity investments are not federally guaranteed, so the soundness of the insurance company is the only assurance you can rely on. Several services rate insurance companies.
Compare Contracts. For immediate annuities: Compare the settlement options. For each $1,000 invested, how much of a monthly payout will you get? Consider the interest rate and any penalties and charges.
For deferred annuities: Compare the rate, the length of guarantee period, and a five-year history of rates paid on the contract, not just the interest rates.
For variable annuities: Check out the past performance of the funds involved.
If a particular fund has a great track record, ascertain whether the same management is still in place. Although past performance is no guarantee, consistent management will grant you better odds.
What are the added or hidden costs in buying an annuity?
These are the most important items:
Sales Commission.Ask for details on any commissions you will be paying. What percentage is the commission? Is the commission deducted as a front-end load? If so, your investment is directly reduced by the amount of the commission. A no-load annuity contract, or at least a low-load contract, is the best choice.
Surrender Penalties. Find out the surrender charges (that is, the amounts charged for early withdrawals). The typical charge is 7% for first-year withdrawals, 6% for the second year, and so on, with no charges after the seventh year.
Tip: Be sure the surrender charge "clock" starts running with the date your contract begins, not with each new investment.
Other Fees and Costs.Ask about all other fees. With variable annuities, the fees must be disclosed in the prospectus. Fees lower your return, so it is important to know about them. Fees might include:
Mortality fees of 1 to 1.35% of your account (protection for the insurer in case you live a long time)
Maintenance fees of $20 to $30 per year
Investment advisory fees of 0.3% to 1% of the assets in the annuity's portfolios
Other Considerations. Some annuity contracts offer "bail-out" provisions that allow you to cash in the annuity if interest rates fall below a stated amount without paying surrender charges.
There may also be a "persistency" bonus which rewards annuitants who keep their annuities for a certain minimum length of time.
Is it better to take an annuity or a lump-sum distribution?
As in so many areas of retirement planning, that depends upon your particular needs and circumstances.
An annuity preserves the tax shelter for funds not yet paid out as annuity income, continuing to grow tax-free to fund future payouts.
A lump sum withdrawal may be preferable for those in questionable health.
Or consider an annuity with a "refund feature", that guarantees a fixed sum to your heirs should you die earlier than expected.
What is a joint and survivor annuity?
A joint and survivor annuity pays a certain annuity during your life and half that amount (it could be more) to your surviving spouse for life.
In almost all cases, the annual amount you will get under a joint and survivor annuity will be less than you would get under an annuity on your life alone.
Can I change from a joint and survivor annuity if it doesn't meet my needs?
Joint and survivor annuities are almost always required in pension plans, and sometimes in other plans. But you and your spouse can still agree to some other form.
Chief reasons for such agreement are so that your child or other family member can share in the income, or to take a lump sum distribution, or to take a larger annual amount over the participant's life alone.
